Where else has the money followed the child?
Other countries made funding portable decades ago. Each coded country is read through one lens: who is allowed to operate schools, and who trains and pays the people who staff them.
countries coded through the workforce lens
countries on the map
not yet coded, shown as honest blanks
the Netherlands has funded every school equally, since 1917
Now97 countries coded. In 23 of them, public money pays the teachers in non-state schools.
Shading shows how far our research has got, not a judgment about any country's policy. Tap a country.
How the money moves
Every coded country, sorted by what public money pays for when it reaches a non-state school. Tap a country to open it on the map.
Where public money reaches non-state schools, it very often pays the teachers, not the pupil.
That is the supply side, funded directly. France, Austria, Ireland, Bangladesh, Ghana and New Zealand pay the people; the United States, Sweden and Chile pay per pupil and leave staffing to the school.
How long the money has followed
Coded countries with a verified start year, and the one-line finding for each. Tap a dot to open it on the map.
Portability does not create a workforce. Long-running systems kept re-regulating who may run schools and who may teach.
Read the international precedents